{"id":7857,"date":"2022-11-19T18:43:40","date_gmt":"2022-11-19T18:43:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/?p=7857"},"modified":"2022-11-19T18:43:47","modified_gmt":"2022-11-19T18:43:47","slug":"biden-extends-archaic-wartime-provision-on-cuba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/biden-extends-archaic-wartime-provision-on-cuba\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Biden Extends Archaic Wartime Provision on Cuba<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"558\" height=\"309\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2022-11-19-at-18.20.45.png?resize=558%2C309&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7858\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2022-11-19-at-18.20.45.png?w=558&amp;ssl=1 558w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2022-11-19-at-18.20.45.png?resize=300%2C166&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 558px) 100vw, 558px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In September, Biden renewed U.S. sanctions on Cuba under the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/presidential-actions\/2022\/09\/02\/memorandum-on-the-continuation-of-the-exercise-of-certain-authorities-under-the-trading-with-the-enemy-act-2\/\">Trading with the Enemy Act<\/a> (TWEA), a 1917 law designed to cut off trade with Germany during World War I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cuba is the only country in the world still subject to sanctions under the century-old law, which was originally intended to be used only in times of war.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, President Eisenhower <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/modern-american-history\/article\/secret-life-of-statutes-a-century-of-the-trading-with-the-enemy-act\/77DD7CF528D3190CFC8CF8FF6DDAACB0\">resisted<\/a> invoking TWEA over concerns that explicitly designating Cuba as an \u201cenemy\u201d would constitute an act of economic warfare, souring relations with regional allies sympathetic to the changes taking place in Havana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But bilateral relations quickly deteriorated due to a multitude of factors, leading President Kennedy to impose \u201can embargo on all trade with Cuba\u201d in 1962 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/world\/cuba-embargo-60-years\/\">60 years old<\/a> this February). One year later, Kennedy invoked the Trading with the Enemy Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"747\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XOnQhoU64zA?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This was not technically a declaration of war since TWEA had been amended in 1933 to also include \u201cpeacetime enemies.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But for Cuba, <a href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/book\/9789004501201\/BP000010.xml\">it might as well have been<\/a>. A report prepared for former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1970 <a href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1969-76ve01\/d79\">warned<\/a> that invoking TWEA was the \u201cequivalent of economic war,\u201d stating \u201cno major industrial power uses any instrument of [its] intensity.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Throughout the 1970s, TWEA faced increasing scrutiny in response to its being applied more widely to Cold War enemies under the justification of a \u201cnational emergency.\u201d President Carter once again restricted TWEA to wartime enemies, but Cuba was grandfathered in as an exception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TWEA has been applied to Cuba every year since 1963 by both Democratic and Republican administrations in part because it serves as one of the primary legal underpinnings for the U.S. embargo (referred to as the \u201cblockade\u201d in Cuba), which constitutes the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44282148\">most comprehensive sanctions regime<\/a> imposed by any country on another in modern history.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since TWEA was first invoked, subsequent legislation has further expanded and entrenched the \u201cblockade\u201d on Cuba, most notably the Torricelli Act (1992) and the Helms-Burton Act (1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"747\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WavOrU-g2E4?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;start=340&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This means that even if Biden were to stop invoking TWEA for Cuba, the \u201cblockade\u201d would still exist as its legal basis is also buttressed by other laws and measures that could only be revoked through an act of Congress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Individuals and companies subject to U.S. laws can engage with Cuban entities and nationals under limited exceptions, but they must obtain burdensome specific licenses from the Treasury and Commerce Departments and comply with draconian end-user verification provisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When U.S. or foreign entities operate under a general license, they are susceptible to being investigated, audited, fined or blacklisted for doing business with Cuba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Trading With the Enemy Act, extended for another year on September 2 in \u201cthe national interest,\u201d underlies much of this vast web of punitive laws and regulations toward Cuba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Biden administration has sought to publicly distance its Cuba policy from Trump\u2019s \u201cmaximum pressure\u201d sanctions program, citing the resumption of visa processing at the U.S. Embassy in Havana and a loosening of travel restrictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the U.S. economic war on Cuba, ratcheted up under Trump, remains in place both legally and effectively under Biden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"747\" height=\"421\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bUxYVHJq_IM?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Great article by @Bellyofthebeastcuba<br \/>\n&#8221; Cuba is the only country in the world still subject to sanctions under the century-old law, which was originally intended to be used only in times of war&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101011,"featured_media":7858,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7857","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-featured"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":8490,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/u-s-policy-toward-cuba-three-years-on-from-july-11\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":0},"title":"U.S. Policy Toward Cuba Three Years on from July 11","author":"Editorial Team","date":"July 25, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"By Reed Lindsay and Daniel Montero Three years ago this Thursday, thousands of people took the streets in Cuba\u2019s largest anti-government demonstrations in decades. The historic protests lasted only one day, but Cuba is still facing ruinous fallout in the form of unrelenting economic warfare waged by the Biden administration.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Featured&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Featured","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/news\/featured\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2024-07-25-at-10.32.25.png?fit=675%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2024-07-25-at-10.32.25.png?fit=675%2C480&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2024-07-25-at-10.32.25.png?fit=675%2C480&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":8321,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/us-blows-off-the-whole-world-to-punish-cuba\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":1},"title":"US Blows Off The Whole World To Punish Cuba","author":"Editorial Team","date":"December 4, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"On November 2, the UN General Assembly\u00a0voted\u00a0overwhelmingly for a resolution calling on the US to lift the trade embargo against Cuba that President John Kennedy imposed in 1962.\u00a0The US and Israel were the only two nations to vote no, with Ukraine abstaining. Total dependence creates total compliance.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Featured&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Featured","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/news\/featured\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2023-12-03-at-23.08.04.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":8607,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/trump-reimposes-genocidal-sanctions-on-cuba\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":2},"title":"Trump reimposes genocidal sanctions on Cuba.","author":"Editorial Team","date":"January 26, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Cuba Support Group Ireland expresses our solidarity with the long-suffering Cuban people, and their democratically elected government, in the wake of the vindictive reimposition of genocidal financial sanctions by US President Donald Trump. On his first day in office, US President Trump redesignated Cuba as a so-called \u201cState Sponsor of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Featured&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Featured","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/news\/featured\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-4.png?fit=900%2C523&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-4.png?fit=900%2C523&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-4.png?fit=900%2C523&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-4.png?fit=900%2C523&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5783,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/us-sanctions-airbnb-for-accepting-guests-in-cuba\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":3},"title":"US sanctions Airbnb for accepting guests in Cuba","author":"Editorial Team","date":"January 9, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"The US company must pay a fine of $ 91,000 The United States Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) fined the digital accommodation platform Airbnb for accepting guests in Cuba, which violates the provisions established by that entity as part of the economic, commercial and economic blockade measures. financial that\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;US Aggression&quot;","block_context":{"text":"US Aggression","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/usa\/us-aggression\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Casas-Particulares-Donde-dormir-en-Trinidad-e1562610436878.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Casas-Particulares-Donde-dormir-en-Trinidad-e1562610436878.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Casas-Particulares-Donde-dormir-en-Trinidad-e1562610436878.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Casas-Particulares-Donde-dormir-en-Trinidad-e1562610436878.jpg?fit=960%2C640&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5429,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/the-united-states-governs-only-with-sanctions\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":4},"title":"The United States governs only with sanctions","author":"Editorial Team","date":"November 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Since the last century, the rulers of the United States have used a policy of sanctions against countries that are not to their liking, leaving aside the norms established by the United Nations Organization and multiple conventions that govern multilateral relations. As owners and lords of the world, they intend\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Featured&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Featured","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/news\/featured\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/juan-gonzales-1068x602-EN.png?fit=1068%2C602&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/juan-gonzales-1068x602-EN.png?fit=1068%2C602&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/juan-gonzales-1068x602-EN.png?fit=1068%2C602&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/juan-gonzales-1068x602-EN.png?fit=1068%2C602&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/juan-gonzales-1068x602-EN.png?fit=1068%2C602&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":5151,"url":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/us-economic-war-on-cuba-continues-even-after-war-in-afghanistan-ends\/","url_meta":{"origin":7857,"position":5},"title":"US ECONOMIC WAR ON CUBA CONTINUES, EVEN AFTER WAR IN AFGHANISTAN ENDS","author":"Editorial Team","date":"September 4, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Cuban protestors and supporters rally outside the Cuban Embassy during a \"Cuban freedom\" rally on July 26, 2021 in Washington, DC, with attendees urging the American government to intervene in Cuba. Drew Angerer\/Getty Images. President Joe Biden justified military withdrawal from Afghanistan by arguing that the US must stop \u201cmilitary\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Featured&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Featured","link":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/category\/news\/featured\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cuban-Protester-supporters.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cuban-Protester-supporters.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cuban-Protester-supporters.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cuban-Protester-supporters.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cuban-Protester-supporters.jpeg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]}],"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p3xdTY-22J","jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-content\/uploads\/Screenshot-2022-11-19-at-18.20.45.png?fit=558%2C309&ssl=1","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/101011"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7857"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7857\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7858"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7857"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7857"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cubasupport.ie\/latest\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}